MTOR and cancer: Notably, it has been reported that metformin prevents resistance to cisplatin by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolic reprogramming, and the signaling pathway of serine/threonine kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMPK, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in multiple cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer [26], lung cancer [15, 27], gastric cancer [28], and human nasopharyngeal carcinoma [29].