Finally, independent studies have proved that mDNA release is one of the major driver of SLE: i) blocking VDAC oligomerization to decrease mtDNA release ameliorates the symptoms of SLE in a mouse model [69]; ii) decreased ROS production by metformin treatment (inhibitor of complex I and NADPH oxidase activities, involved in the NET formation by mtDNA release) reduced the disease flares in patients with mild and moderate SLE [141, 160]. The gene discussed is VDAC1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.