These effects of estrogens, in turn, would amplify the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the transcription factor nuclear-factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pro-inflammatory pathways, the induction of oxidative stress and the downregulation of sirtuin1 [16–19, 42] which have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance [5, 43–45]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Insulin resistance.