TXNDC5 and diabetes mellitus: While TXNDC5 dysregulation has been shown in multiple diseases, such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and cancers, by regulating inflammatory factors (Jiao et al. 2024), emerging evidence demonstrated that TXNDC5 acts as a key pathogenic factor in organ fibrosis, including heart (Shih et al. 2018), lung (Lee et al. 2020), kidney (Chen et al. 2021) and liver (Hung et al. 2022a).