ACTA1 and pulmonary fibrosis: In line with recent findings in pulmonary fibrosis, we observed increased TXNDC5 protein expression along with all major fibrosis-associated proteins (i.e. TGFβ, COL1 and αSMA) in WT control testes (Fig. 4A and B); these abovementioned elevations were substantially reduced in Txndc5−/− mice (Fig. 4B).