PTPN22 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Thus, in this study, we genotyped rs689/INS,rs2476601/PTPN22, and rs251775/CTLA-4 SNPs.SNPs in the INS gene have the highest impact on T1DM susceptibilitycompared to other non-HLA SNPs (Pociot and Lernmark,2016; Nyaga et al., 2018).Consistent with this, our findings suggest an association between thers689/INS A/A genotype and protection against T1DM (OR = 0.47,95% CI 0.25 - 0.89).