AHR and Insulin resistance: Tryptophan is metabolized by gut microorganisms into indole derivatives which enhances blood-milk and intestinal barrier function and exerts anti-inflammatory effects through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).59,60 Conversely, excessive accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) has been shown to potentially induce insulin resistance.61 In conclusion, gut microbiota-derived metabolites from the form an intricate network of microbial-host interactions by modulating immune responses, metabolic pathways, and barrier functions.