FFAR2 and Insulin resistance: They bind to g protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43,70,71 increasing glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) expression in the gut.72 Studies have shown that GLP-1 and PYY can inhibit appetite73 in obese mice while reducing body weight and improving insulin resistance.74 Additionally, PYY reduces intestinal transport by inhibiting food absorption, intestinal motility, pancreatic secretion, and gastrointestinal emptying.75 Butyrate promotes fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis through multiple mechanisms.