GCG and Insulin resistance: Enhanced GLP-1 secretion through regulation of GPR43 activation also improves insulin resistance in mice.104 Moreover, the diminished abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the gastrointestinal tract has been linked to the onset of T2D.6 This implies that the reduction in Akkermansia muciniphila caused by HFD also partially contributes to the progression of diabetes.