Research has found that PF can protect NOD mice from the effects of T1D by modulating the gut microbiota and inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (MyD88/TRIF) pathway (Zhu et al., 2017). Here, TLR4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.