Furthermore, TGF-β upregulated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in HSCs, which activated the TAK1-NF-κB pathway, mediated the formation of inflammasomes and induced liver fibrosis (Kang et al., 2022). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.