Additionally, combinations such as the anti-PD-1 antibody carlizumab with apatinib for treating cT4a/bN+ gastric cancer (151), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with anti-angiogenic therapy and radiotherapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (152), a novel humanized IgG1 antibody targeting PD-L1 combined with anlotinib for triple-negative breast cancer (153), and anti-PD-1 antibodies combined with vascular kinase inhibitors targeting the tumor microenvironment in malignant mesothelioma (154) have all demonstrated promising antitumor effects. Here, PDCD1 is linked to malignant mesothelioma.