COBL and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Multivariable Cox analysis showed that LDHA, COBL, MAPK4, BAIAP2L2, PTX3, and HOXC10 were associated with poorer prognosis in NSCLC (all hazard ratios > 1 and P < 0.05), while CXCL13 (hazard ratio = 0.72, P = 0.005) was linked to better outcomes (Figure 4D).