GSDMD and colitis: (2023) experimentally verified that LPS activates caspase-11 in macrophages, induces pyroptosis during infection, activates atypical inflammatory vesicles via Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, and thus promotes inflammation in acute colitis by utilizing IL-1α in the colonic tissue.Defective autophagy may significantly influence the progression of IBD by disrupting intestinal homeostasis, altering the microbiota, impeding bacterial clearance, and exacerbating inflammation (Larabi et al., 2020).