Although guidelines recommend keeping postoperative blood glucose below 10 mmol/L (20), a study (39) found that among insulin-treated diabetic patients, maintaining glucose levels in the range of 180–240 mg/dl was associated with cost reductions of $6,225 per patient, a 1.6-day reduction in length of hospital stay, a 4.1% reduction in infections, and a 12.5% reduction in respiratory complications. Here, INS is linked to infection.