GBP5 and neoplasm: STAT1 plays a key role in regulating the effect of chemotherapy (Buttarelli et al., 2019); TYMP is considered to be a potential prognostic marker for ovarian cancer and breast cancer (Liu S. et al., 2025; Tao et al., 2025); GBP5, as an immune response regulator, can affect tumor progression (Zou et al., 2024); and PSME2 is closely related to the progression of various tumors (Li R. et al., 2024).