NEFL and dementia: Biomarkers such as phosphorylated tau isoforms (pTau), beta amyloid isoforms (Aβ), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are among the most robust, widely studied, and sensitive indicators of dementia risk; they are increasingly being used in memory clinics and provide cost-effective, scalable alternatives to gold-standard PET imaging and CSF markers.