A unique construct that confers the anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effect of CD39 to areas of endothelial dysfunction characterised by upregulation of VCAM-1, we recently showed that anti-VCAM-CD39 was protective in a mouse model of ischaemic stroke, administered at a dose that was well below the threshold of haemostatic defect [16]. This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and endothelial dysfunction.