HIF1A and cancer: KEGG enrichment analysis revealed 181 significantly enriched pathways (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05), among which key pathways included AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications (hsa04933), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (hsa04151), HIF-1 signaling pathway (hsa04066), and several cancer-related pathways (Figs. 4B and 5A).