NFE2L2 and Sepsis: Moreover, palmatine curbs LPS-induced autophagy of intestinal cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, hence diminishing excessive intestinal cell apoptosis.[105] VDR serves as a pivotal regulatory factor for intestinal cell proliferation, barrier function, and immunity, while the VDR/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway assumes a pivotal role in sepsis-related intestinal mucosal damage.