Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces the overexpression of GD3S in BBCs by activating the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) pathway, and the overexpression of GD3S inhibits the invasion potential of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by down-regulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).61 This evidence concerns the gene TNF and breast carcinoma.