AKT1 and Parkinson disease: GSK-3β is one of AKT’s activation targets; reduced GSK3β after AKT activation increases cellular autophagy to clear abnormally aggregated α-synuclein, potentially reducing dopaminergic neuron apoptosis, however, increased GSK3β expression was found in PD patients and animal models (Hernandez-Baltazar et al., 2013).