This index, calculated from routinely measured clinical parameters (waist circumference, hypertension, and HbA1c), serves as a practical and scalable tool for assessing insulin sensitivity in large-scale epidemiological studies, circumventing the need for complex laboratory procedures like hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, and extending its relevance beyond diabetes research to fields such as neurodegenerative disease investigations (Guo et al., 2024; He et al., 2024; Peng et al., 2024). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.