Additionally, tau protein, with its structure labeled 5O3L (Figure 1C), is another critical component in neurodegenerative research, as its abnormal aggregation leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, a hallmark of AD and other tauopathies (Hasan et al., 2023; Segura et al., 2024). The gene discussed is MAPT; the disease is Alzheimer disease.