In addition, subsequent research explored the effects of HHLA2 downregulation in OC cells, revealing that reducing HHLA2 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion through the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is involved in processes such as chemoresistance, cancer stem cell sustenance, metastasis and immune evasion (Fu et al. 2023). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and cancer.