TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: The development and progression involve a complex interplay of various signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms.The TGF-β signaling pathway is a central driver of renal fibrosis, with TGF-β1 promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal epithelial cells, leading to the loss of epithelial characteristics and acquisition of mesenchymal traits, ultimately contributing to fibrogenesis (Chatterjee et al., 2025).