These factors align with risk factors suggested in scoring systems from previous studies, where ECOG ≥ 2, Child–Pugh class B or C, elevated AFP, large tumor size (≥ 5 cm or ≥ 10 cm), multiple tumors (> 2), main or bilateral portal vein involvement, complete portal vein occlusion, and lymph node or extrahepatic metastasis were identified as prognostic factors for OS of PVTT patients [44–46]. Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.