In a randomized controlled trial of more than 200 older adults with and without diabetes, intranasal insulin therapy was overall associated with improvements in cognition and gait compared to placebo, although differences comparing insulin-treated and placebo effects within diabetes or non-diabetes subgroups showed that the effects on cognitive domains were stronger in non-diabetics, and walking parameters seemed imbalanced among diabetics at baseline [63]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.