TLR4 and neoplasm: For example, ECV can: (1) act as an adhesive co-receptor for bacterial and viral entry into host cells; (2) activate leader cells after wounding of the eye lens, potentially leading to fibrosis; (3) promote pro-fibrotic responses in injured lung by enhancing phagocytosis by macrophages; (4) trigger neutrophils through TLR4 to promote extravasation; (5) stimulate angiogenesis to promote tumor growth.