Liver fibrosis was observed after 5 weeks of MCD or 26 weeks of HFD feeding, as indicated by Sirius red staining and high expression of fibrosis-associated biomarkers (α-SMA, Col1a1, Col1a2, PDGFβ, and Timp-1) (Fig. 1A, S1A, B), while acute NASH was induced in 2-week MCD-fed mice, as indicated by high expression of inflammation-associated factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) (Figure S1C). Here, TIMP1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.