Early secretion of Th17 (IL-8, IL-9, IL-17, IL-6) and Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-15, IL-12p70) were detected in severe influenza patients, which were involved in cell-mediated immunity, may be associated with pathogenesis and autoimmune diseases induced by influenza (74). Here, CXCL8 is linked to influenza.