Thioredoxin (TXN) and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) are reduction-oxidation signaling complex that play crucial roles in oxidative stress- and inflammation-mediated diseases, such as diabetes, autoimmune disease, cancer, and apoptosis (Kansal et al., 2023; Qayyum et al., 2021). Here, TXN is linked to diabetes mellitus.