Ko et al. (2019) reported an overgrowth of proinflammatory gram negative enteric pathogens, including those in the family Enterobacteriaceae.  An increase in Enterobacter was observed in pediatric OSA patients with high apnea-hypoxia indices (Chuang et al., 2024). Increased LPS-binding protein—serving as a surrogate marker of gram-negative endotoxemia—was documented in pediatric OSA (Kheirandish-Gozal et al., 2014). The gene discussed is LBP; the disease is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.