TF and cancer: Of particular concern, S. mansoni and its larval stage have been found to express human cancer-associated antigens, N-acetylgalactosamine O-serine/threonine (Tn) and Thomsen Friedenreich (TF) antigens, like the dog tapeworm, E. granulosus. The later parasite has demonstrated potent anti-neoplastic activity against various cancers, including breast cancer [22, 24, 25, 51].