AKT1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: Han et al. exhibited piperine-induced apoptosis of oral cancer cells is associated with the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway with the expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins a significant decrease in p-mTOR, Beclin1, and LC3 in vitro, and inhibiting tumor growth, inducing apoptosis in vivo.313 Berberine dosed-dependently inhibited SW480 cells proliferation by inducing autophagy and cell cycle arrest under the regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by upregulating phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN).314