IL2 and melanoma: Furthermore, after a 5-year follow-up, 4/20 (20%) IL-2 treated patients were dead and the control patients were 19/40 (47.5%, P = 0.05).93 Interferon-α (IFN-α) is another cytokine approved by the FDA for the treatment of hematological malignancies and melanoma, it has been demonstrated to exert antitumor effect mediated by activation of immune system and antiangiogenic effect.94 However, due to the low response rate and high toxicity associated with HD IL-2 and IFN-α, the clinical application of these cytokines has been replaced by targeted therapy.