NFKB1 and colorectal carcinoma: Rehman et al. investigated prophylactic treatment of piperine can activate Nrf-2 pathway which triggers antioxidant response mediators of hemeo xygenase-1, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, etc., and block NF-κB signaling and its downstream molecules of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, etc. to prophylactic treatment of CRC.464 Ursolic acid can not only increase the activity of glycogen synthase kinase by downregulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, but also inhibit inflammation and prevent the progress of breast cancer by downregulating NF-κB signaling.465