Furthermore, a heatmap generated from GSEA showed a marked downregulation of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (e.g., Sphk2, Pik3cd) and elongation (e.g., Plcb3, Cyth2) as well as pro-inflammation genes (e,g., Ccl22, CcR2), cell adhesion molecules (e.g., Itga4, Itgb7), collagens (e.g., Col1a2, Col4a2), and other genes promoting NASH in the AKBA-treated group (Fig. 4D). This evidence concerns the gene ITGA4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.