Our studies also showed that IRE1α inhibition diminishes the obesity-elicited pro-inflammatory ATM subpopulations including the newly identified CD9+ ATMs and adipose inflammation which is known to suppress thermogenesis (Sakamoto et al., 2013; Goto et al., 2016; Sakamoto et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene ERN1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.