NPPA and congestive heart failure: Limitations: Despite its significance, the current study suffers from few limitations: 1—The number of animals in each group is modest; 2—We focused on ANP as it is of more physiological relevance to AFC, yet the impact of BNP on the latter deserves more comprehensive study; 3—The applied model of CHF is high cardiac output; similar studies should be conducted on low cardiac output models such as post myocardial infarction-induced cardiac dysfunction; 4—The downstream mechanisms underlying the impact of ANP on AFC need to be explored more thoroughly.