TGFB1 and glioblastoma: In general, dysregulation of pivotal transcription factors in GBM, particularly TGF-β1-mediated upregulation of PFKFB3 [30] and mTORC2-dependent activation of c-Myc [31], collectively drives glycolytic reprogramming in GBM cells; that is, regardless of the hypoxic conditions, these cells preferentially utilize glycolysis for energy production and biosynthetic precursor synthesis for aberrant proliferation.