For instance, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), commonly associated with advanced maternal age and ART, may synergize with the neuroinflammatory pathways already implicated in MSA pathology. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is multiple system atrophy.