For instance, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), commonly associated with advanced maternal age and ART, may synergize with the neuroinflammatory pathways already implicated in MSA pathology. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and multiple system atrophy.