REN and liver dysplastic nodule: The pathophysiology of DN is interlinked with several factors, including increased glucose metabolite flow [10], increased glycation end products [14], mitochondrial (Mt) dysfunction [15], endoplasmic reticulum stress [16], a hyperactive renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) or renin–angiotensin system (RAS), and oxidative stress [17].