Surprisingly, seven populations of T lymphocytes, namely, CM CD4, EM CD4, Th1, Th17, Th9, RTE Tregs, and Th1/Th17, which are associated with differentiated and potentially pro-inflammatory functions, were more frequent after 6 weeks of treatment with infliximab or adalimumab in children with IBD. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.