TNF and Parkinson disease: In a PD-mouse model, AD-16 treatment given after the motor symptoms’ confirmation relieved motor impairments, reduced neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and alleviated the brain pro-inflammatory environment by reducing IL-1α and TNF-α in the SN pars compact and IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the striatum.