TNF and ulcer disease: Tormentic acid (4 mg/kg) increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), SOD, and CAT, decreased the levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, elevated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and significantly reduced the area of ulcers in indomethacin-induced GU in rats.