Additionally, research on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from Parkinson’s disease patients carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation has shown that this mutation disrupts the membrane localization of dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), impairing their heteromeric formation, which is crucial for neuronal homeostasis. Here, CHRNA4 is linked to Parkinson disease.