GSVA identified significant upregulation of 28 Hallmark signaling pathways in the MDD group, including HALLMARK_TNFA_SIGNALING_VIA_NFKB, HALLMARK_TGF_BETA_SIGNALING, and HALLMARK_REACTIVE_OXYGEN_SPECIES_PATHWAY (Figure S10, Table S9). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is major depressive disorder.