Accumulating evidence has suggested that tertiary structural alteration of biomolecules modified by AGEs and their interaction with a receptor RAGE play a pathological role in the development and progression of various diabetes- or aging-related disorders, including diabetic nephropathy, AF, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and osteoporosis [19,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. This evidence concerns the gene AGER and diabetic kidney disease.