TP53 and colorectal carcinoma: CRC exhibits profound inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity, characterized by key oncogenic driver mutations, including microsatellite instability (MSI), KRASG12D/G13D, BRAFV600E, PIK3CAH1047R, and TP53 alterations, which significantly modulate PAR-2 signaling, downstream inflammatory cascades, and therapeutic responsiveness [149].