Despite the focus of this review on TERTp and CTNNB1 mutations due to their high prevalence and distinct roles in HCC pathogenesis, other molecular alterations, such as TP53, AXIN1, and ARID1A mutations, also play crucial roles in tumor development, progression, and the diversification of tumor heterogeneity. Here, CTNNB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.