Moreover, in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a deficiency in FXR has been found to be associated with increases in liver inflammation and fibrosis, and consistent with our findings in this study, those of previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that FXR inhibits the expression of profibrotic growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the kidney. Here, NR1H4 is linked to inflammatory response.