Notably, modern immunotherapies introduce novel immunological susceptibilities: programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade demonstrates dramatic TB reactivation rates (7–17), evidenced by a Singaporean cohort reporting 2.09% incidence post-ICI treatment (17) and a meta-analysis of 27 studies quantifying 2,000 TB cases per 100,000 PD-1/PD-L1 individuals - representing 35-fold population excess risk (18). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is tuberculosis.