In the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), IL-34, through binding to TREM2, induces the phosphorylation of Ras protein activator like 3 (Rasal3), which subsequently inhibits the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, promoting the differentiation of AML cells into mature myeloid cells, thereby arresting the progression of AML (143). Here, MAPK3 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.