INS and Insulin resistance: For example, the Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale (ITAS) (Snoek et al., 2007), self-administered Barriers to Insulin Treatment (BIT) questionnaire (Petrak et al., 2007), distress measurement for insulin injections among patients with diabetes (Choi et al., 2023), and the Korean version of Psychological Insulin Resistance (K-PIR) (Song et al., 2016) are designed to evaluate negative attitude toward insulin treatment.