MCU and malignant colon neoplasm: Previous literature has shown that BZN activates ER stress and reduces proliferation in HNSCC SCC23 and HN12 cell lines, curbs FGL1 secretion, inhibits colon cancer liver metastasis, and negatively regulates MCU function, thereby delaying cell growth and migration in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (Rayess et al., 2018; Li J. J. et al., 2023; De Mario et al., 2021).